(e)++Comparing+human+circulation+system+with+other+species



(10) Describe key features of different types of circulatory systems in different organisms, effects on blood flow and therefore on servicing the cells of the organisms.

The circulatory system is a system that transports needed metabolites from the fat body to the cells while carrying wastes to the excretory system and providing protection against harmful organisms. There are two main types of systems possible for animals, one is the open circulatory system and the other is the closed circulatory system. 

The difference between the open system and the closed system is how the blood flows through the body of the animal. In the open system, the artery (diagram above) open into large space called sinuses. The blood is then carried by the veins to the heart. Because there are no inter connections between the artery and the veins, the internal organs are directly bathed in blood. This means that the blood flows at a very low speed and pressure because there are no smooth muscles helping to pump and squeezing it up like in closed system.

In the closed system, the arteries are connected and the blood stays inside the blood vessels and does not come out. The blood flows from arteries to veins through capillaries (small blood vessels). The speed of the circulation is much faster due to the presence of contracting muscles and blood vessels, therefore increasing the efficiency of the circulatory system.

(11)





Insects have an open circulatory system in which blood (called hemolymph) spends much of its time flowing freely within the body where it can make direct contact with all internal tissues and organs. The circulatory system is responsible for movement of nutrients, salts, hormones and metabolic wastes throughout the insect's body. It can also seal wounds through a clotting reaction.

The major structural component of an insect's circulatory system is the dorsal vessel, a tube which runs along the inside of the body. It is very fragile. The dorsal vessel is divided into a heart containing intake valves (ostia and anterior aorta). Hemolymph is pumped forward by the heart into the aorta, then pumped out from the aorta to the head and flows from the head back through the open space of the body. Insects only transport nutrients and waste and not oxygen, which is why their circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is greenish in colour.







A worm does not have a heart. But they do have an organ that acts similar to a heart and is usually called a heart just to make things simple. The worms have a closed circulatory system which circulates blood exclusively through vessels. The aortic arches, dorsal blood vessels, and ventral blood vessels are the three main vessels that supply blood. The aortic arches function like a human heart. There are five pairs of aortic arches, which have the responsibility of pumping blood into the dorsal and ventral blood vessels. The dorsal blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the front of the earthworm�s body. The ventral blood vessels are responsible for carrying blood to the back of the earthworms body.





**//Below is the diagram of circulatory systems of fishes://**

Fish have a 2-chambered heart in which a single-loop circulatory pattern takes blood from the heart to the gills and then to the body. When it comes to fish, their circulatory system is much like mammals; consisting of a heart, blood and blood vessels. The heart of a fish is a simple muscular structure which contains of an atrium, a ventricle and a sac-like think wall structure called the sinus and another tube called bulbus arteriousus. Even though, in total there are four parts, a fishes heart is still considered two-chambered. The deoxygenated blood is carried by the veins to the sinus venosus. The detoxynated blood is collected by the veins which accumulate in the sinus venosus before entering the heart. Blood first enters the atrium and then moves on to the ventricle from where it is furthermore pumped into the bulbus asteriosus. Through bulbus the blood reached out to the gills (respiratory organs of a fish)



**//Below is the diagram of circulatory systems of amphibians//** **Amphibians have double blood circulatory system, 3 chambered hearts with 2 atria, and 1 ventricle** 1. A loop from the heart goes to pulmonary capillary beds 2. Gas exchange occurs 3. Blood returns to the heart 4. Blood exiting the ventricle is diverted Additional chambers evolved from a long period of time by genes mutation. This determined the heart developments of living organism. When we say mutation in this case, it means the structure of heart that gave advantages as it pumps the blood faster. This enables having efficient exchange of oxygen and heat. An example of amphibian is frog. The blood in the circulatory system of frog is kept separated, although they do not having barriers to separate them like 4 chambered heart such as bird or mammal. This works as one type of blood arrives slightly before the other, and enters trabeculae. Trabeculae are the place where blood remains while the other flow and fills the rest of ventricle. This is how exchange of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are working. Amphibians have 3 chambered hearts because this allows for a change in flow pattern of blood, when frog submerge and do not use its lungs. While doing this, blood will be headed to the systemic circulation instead of going to lungs. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and brigs the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
 * How does it deliver blood? **



Humans have a 4-chambered heart which allow them to completely separate oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood. The heart has two pumps, one for pumping the oxygenated blood to all other tissues and organs of the body, and another one for pumping the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Human circulatory system has a system of blood vessels which distribute the blood throughout the whole body. In human circulatory system, there are specific organs that help to exchange the materials between the blood and the external environment. For example, the kidneys remove materials from the blood and place them reverse in the outside environment which the lungs and intestines, these add materials to the blood.

In a closed circulatory system, blood flows from arteries to capillaries and through veins without the tissues surrounding the vessels not directly bathed by blood. A closed circulatory system allows more of a complete separation of function than an open circulatory system does. The blood volume is lower in animals with closed circulatory system, and therefore the heart can also sustain higher pressure necessary for the blood to reach all of the extremities of the body (meaning it can pump faster and transport blood faster!)



Arrange them in order from simplest to most complex, when you present this information.

(12) Write a concluding paragraph, describing the effect of increasing circulation system complexity. This will probably relate to lifestyle / ability / metabolism of these groups of organisms.  The open circulatory system pump blood into a hemocoel and with the blood diffusing back into the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body�s free spaces where tissues are surrounded by the blood which causes a slow blood flow. While in closed circulatory system. the blood is closed at all times within vessels and does not normally fill into the open space of the body, causing the blood flow to be faster. This means that the animal/organism in a closed circulatory system would have a more active lifestyle while animals with an open circulatory system can only do slower and less active jobs. __**// Citation //**__

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